diff --git a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/delete_pushrule.rs b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/delete_pushrule.rs
index 61d95f79..fc7deec4 100644
--- a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/delete_pushrule.rs
+++ b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/delete_pushrule.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,11 @@ ruma_api! {
         requires_authentication: true,
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     request: {
         /// The scope to delete from. 'global' to specify global rules.
         #[ruma_api(path)]
-        pub scope: String,
+        pub scope: &'a str,
 
         /// The kind of rule
         #[ruma_api(path)]
@@ -25,10 +26,26 @@ ruma_api! {
 
         /// The identifier for the rule.
         #[ruma_api(path)]
-        pub rule_id: String,
+        pub rule_id: &'a str,
     }
 
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     response: {}
 
     error: crate::Error
 }
+
+impl<'a> Request<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new `Request` with the given scope, kind and rule ID.
+    pub fn new(scope: &'a str, kind: RuleKind, rule_id: &'a str) -> Self {
+        Self { scope, kind, rule_id }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Response {
+    /// Creates an empty `Response`.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_notifications.rs b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_notifications.rs
index 3b69dec6..d6b30115 100644
--- a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_notifications.rs
+++ b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_notifications.rs
@@ -19,11 +19,13 @@ ruma_api! {
         requires_authentication: true,
     }
 
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     request: {
         /// Pagination token given to retrieve the next set of events.
         #[ruma_api(query)]
         #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-        pub from: Option<String>,
+        pub from: Option<&'a str>,
 
         /// Limit on the number of events to return in this request.
         #[ruma_api(query)]
@@ -34,9 +36,10 @@ ruma_api! {
         /// where the notification had the 'highlight' tweak set.
         #[ruma_api(query)]
         #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-        pub only: Option<String>
+        pub only: Option<&'a str>
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     response: {
         /// The token to supply in the from param of the next /notifications request in order
         /// to request more events. If this is absent, there are no more results.
@@ -51,8 +54,23 @@ ruma_api! {
     error: crate::Error
 }
 
-/// Represents a notification
+impl<'a> Request<'a> {
+    /// Creates an empty `Request`.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Default::default()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Response {
+    /// Creates a new `Response` with the given notifications.
+    pub fn new(notifications: Vec<Raw<Notification>>) -> Self {
+        Self { next_token: None, notifications }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a notification.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
 pub struct Notification {
     /// The actions to perform when the conditions for this rule are met.
     pub actions: Vec<Action>,
@@ -71,7 +89,21 @@ pub struct Notification {
     /// The ID of the room in which the event was posted.
     pub room_id: RoomId,
 
-    /// The time at which the event notification was sent, in milliseconds.
+    /// The time at which the event notification was sent.
     #[serde(with = "ruma_serde::time::ms_since_unix_epoch")]
     pub ts: SystemTime,
 }
+
+impl Notification {
+    /// Creates a new `Notification` with the given actions, event, read flag, room ID and
+    /// timestamp.
+    pub fn new(
+        actions: Vec<Action>,
+        event: Raw<AnyEvent>,
+        read: bool,
+        room_id: RoomId,
+        ts: SystemTime,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { actions, event, profile_tag: None, read, room_id, ts }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushers.rs b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushers.rs
index 12bace50..695d28e6 100644
--- a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushers.rs
+++ b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushers.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,11 @@ ruma_api! {
         requires_authentication: true,
     }
 
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     request: {}
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     response: {
         /// An array containing the current pushers for the user.
         pub pushers: Vec<Pusher>
@@ -23,3 +26,17 @@ ruma_api! {
 
     error: crate::Error
 }
+
+impl Request {
+    /// Creates an empty `Request`.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self
+    }
+}
+
+impl Response {
+    /// Creates a new `Response` with the given pushers.
+    pub fn new(pushers: Vec<Pusher>) -> Self {
+        Self { pushers }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrule.rs b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrule.rs
index defb5432..4cebdd60 100644
--- a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrule.rs
+++ b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrule.rs
@@ -15,20 +15,22 @@ ruma_api! {
         requires_authentication: true,
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     request: {
         /// The scope to fetch rules from. 'global' to specify global rules.
         #[ruma_api(path)]
-        pub scope: String,
+        pub scope: &'a str,
 
-        /// The kind of rule
+        /// The kind of rule.
         #[ruma_api(path)]
         pub kind: RuleKind,
 
         /// The identifier for the rule.
         #[ruma_api(path)]
-        pub rule_id: String,
+        pub rule_id: &'a str,
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     response: {
         /// The specific push rule.
         #[ruma_api(body)]
@@ -37,3 +39,17 @@ ruma_api! {
 
     error: crate::Error
 }
+
+impl<'a> Request<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new `Request` with the given scope, rule kind and rule ID.
+    pub fn new(scope: &'a str, kind: RuleKind, rule_id: &'a str) -> Self {
+        Self { scope, kind, rule_id }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Response {
+    /// Creates a new `Response` with the given rule.
+    pub fn new(rule: AnyPushRule) -> Self {
+        Self { rule }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrule_actions.rs b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrule_actions.rs
index 55e38a68..154982f9 100644
--- a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrule_actions.rs
+++ b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrule_actions.rs
@@ -15,10 +15,11 @@ ruma_api! {
         requires_authentication: true,
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     request: {
         /// The scope to fetch a rule from. 'global' to specify global rules.
         #[ruma_api(path)]
-        pub scope: String,
+        pub scope: &'a str,
 
         /// The kind of rule
         #[ruma_api(path)]
@@ -26,9 +27,10 @@ ruma_api! {
 
         /// The identifier for the rule.
         #[ruma_api(path)]
-        pub rule_id: String,
+        pub rule_id: &'a str,
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     response: {
         /// The actions to perform for this rule.
         pub actions: Vec<Action>
@@ -36,3 +38,17 @@ ruma_api! {
 
     error: crate::Error
 }
+
+impl<'a> Request<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new `Request` with the given scope, kind and rule ID.
+    pub fn new(scope: &'a str, kind: RuleKind, rule_id: &'a str) -> Self {
+        Self { scope, kind, rule_id }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Response {
+    /// Creates a new `Repsonse` with the given actions.
+    pub fn new(actions: Vec<Action>) -> Self {
+        Self { actions }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrule_enabled.rs b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrule_enabled.rs
index 61230db7..cb298ee2 100644
--- a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrule_enabled.rs
+++ b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrule_enabled.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,11 @@ ruma_api! {
         requires_authentication: true,
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     request: {
         /// The scope to fetch a rule from. 'global' to specify global rules.
         #[ruma_api(path)]
-        pub scope: String,
+        pub scope: &'a str,
 
         /// The kind of rule
         #[ruma_api(path)]
@@ -25,13 +26,28 @@ ruma_api! {
 
         /// The identifier for the rule.
         #[ruma_api(path)]
-        pub rule_id: String,
+        pub rule_id: &'a str,
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     response: {
         /// Whether the push rule is enabled or not.
-        pub enabled: bool
+        pub enabled: bool,
     }
 
     error: crate::Error
 }
+
+impl<'a> Request<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new `Request` with the given scope, rule kind and rule ID.
+    pub fn new(scope: &'a str, kind: RuleKind, rule_id: &'a str) -> Self {
+        Self { scope, kind, rule_id }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Response {
+    /// Creates a new `Response` with the given enabled flag.
+    pub fn new(enabled: bool) -> Self {
+        Self { enabled }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrules_all.rs b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrules_all.rs
index 9e942d92..c273ca89 100644
--- a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrules_all.rs
+++ b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrules_all.rs
@@ -13,12 +13,29 @@ ruma_api! {
         requires_authentication: true,
     }
 
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     request: {}
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     response: {
-        /// The global ruleset
+        /// The global ruleset.
         pub global: Ruleset,
     }
 
     error: crate::Error
 }
+
+impl Request {
+    /// Creates an empty `Request`.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self
+    }
+}
+
+impl Response {
+    /// Creates a new `Response` with the given global ruleset.
+    pub fn new(global: Ruleset) -> Self {
+        Self { global }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrules_global_scope.rs b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrules_global_scope.rs
index 430cb992..be5ebd8f 100644
--- a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrules_global_scope.rs
+++ b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/get_pushrules_global_scope.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,11 @@ ruma_api! {
         requires_authentication: true,
     }
 
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     request: {}
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     response: {
         /// The global ruleset.
         #[ruma_api(body)]
@@ -23,3 +26,17 @@ ruma_api! {
 
     error: crate::Error
 }
+
+impl Request {
+    /// Creates an empty `Request`.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self
+    }
+}
+
+impl Response {
+    /// Creates a new `Response` with the given global ruleset.
+    pub fn new(global: Ruleset) -> Self {
+        Self { global }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/set_pusher.rs b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/set_pusher.rs
index 1987bf5a..147100a2 100644
--- a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/set_pusher.rs
+++ b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/set_pusher.rs
@@ -14,19 +14,36 @@ ruma_api! {
         requires_authentication: true,
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     request: {
-        /// The pusher to configure
+        /// The pusher to configure.
         #[serde(flatten)]
         pub pusher: Pusher,
 
         /// Controls if another pusher with the same pushkey and app id should be created.
-        /// See the spec for details.
-        #[serde(default)]
-        pub append: bool
-
+        ///
+        /// Defaults to `false`. See the spec for more details.
+        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "ruma_serde::is_default")]
+        pub append: bool,
     }
 
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     response: {}
 
     error: crate::Error
 }
+
+impl Request {
+    /// Creates a new `Request` with the given pusher.
+    pub fn new(pusher: Pusher) -> Self {
+        Self { pusher, append: false }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Response {
+    /// Creates an empty `Response`.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/set_pushrule.rs b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/set_pushrule.rs
index 14b45b82..a7fb98e7 100644
--- a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/set_pushrule.rs
+++ b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/set_pushrule.rs
@@ -15,10 +15,11 @@ ruma_api! {
         requires_authentication: true,
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     request: {
         /// The scope to set the rule in. 'global' to specify global rules.
         #[ruma_api(path)]
-        pub scope: String,
+        pub scope: &'a str,
 
         /// The kind of rule
         #[ruma_api(path)]
@@ -26,17 +27,17 @@ ruma_api! {
 
         /// The identifier for the rule.
         #[ruma_api(path)]
-        pub rule_id: String,
+        pub rule_id: &'a str,
 
         /// Use 'before' with a rule_id as its value to make the new rule the next-most important
         /// rule with respect to the given user defined rule.
         #[ruma_api(query)]
-        pub before: Option<String>,
+        pub before: Option<&'a str>,
 
         /// This makes the new rule the next-less important rule relative to the given user defined
         /// rule.
         #[ruma_api(query)]
-        pub after: Option<String>,
+        pub after: Option<&'a str>,
 
         /// The actions to perform when this rule is matched.
         pub actions: Vec<Action>,
@@ -49,10 +50,35 @@ ruma_api! {
 
         /// The glob-style pattern to match against. Only applicable to content rules.
         #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-        pub pattern: Option<String>,
+        pub pattern: Option<&'a str>,
     }
 
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     response: {}
 
     error: crate::Error
 }
+
+impl<'a> Request<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new `Request` with the given scope, rule kind, rule ID and actions.
+    pub fn new(scope: &'a str, kind: RuleKind, rule_id: &'a str, actions: Vec<Action>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            rule_id,
+            before: None,
+            after: None,
+            actions,
+            conditions: Vec::new(),
+            pattern: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Response {
+    /// Creates an empty `Response`.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/set_pushrule_actions.rs b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/set_pushrule_actions.rs
index 31d07471..79f92eef 100644
--- a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/set_pushrule_actions.rs
+++ b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/set_pushrule_actions.rs
@@ -15,10 +15,11 @@ ruma_api! {
         requires_authentication: true,
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     request: {
         /// The scope to fetch a rule from. 'global' to specify global rules.
         #[ruma_api(path)]
-        pub scope: String,
+        pub scope: &'a str,
 
         /// The kind of rule
         #[ruma_api(path)]
@@ -26,13 +27,29 @@ ruma_api! {
 
         /// The identifier for the rule.
         #[ruma_api(path)]
-        pub rule_id: String,
+        pub rule_id: &'a str,
 
         /// The actions to perform for this rule
-        pub actions: Vec<Action>
+        pub actions: Vec<Action>,
     }
 
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     response: {}
 
     error: crate::Error
 }
+
+impl<'a> Request<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new `Request` with the given scope, rule kind, rule ID and actions.
+    pub fn new(scope: &'a str, kind: RuleKind, rule_id: &'a str, actions: Vec<Action>) -> Self {
+        Self { scope, kind, rule_id, actions }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Response {
+    /// Creates an empty `Response`.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/set_pushrule_enabled.rs b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/set_pushrule_enabled.rs
index 51e1e435..5f827a81 100644
--- a/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/set_pushrule_enabled.rs
+++ b/ruma-client-api/src/r0/push/set_pushrule_enabled.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,11 @@ ruma_api! {
         requires_authentication: true,
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     request: {
         /// The scope to fetch a rule from. 'global' to specify global rules.
         #[ruma_api(path)]
-        pub scope: String,
+        pub scope: &'a str,
 
         /// The kind of rule
         #[ruma_api(path)]
@@ -25,13 +26,39 @@ ruma_api! {
 
         /// The identifier for the rule.
         #[ruma_api(path)]
-        pub rule_id: String,
+        pub rule_id: &'a str,
 
         /// Whether the push rule is enabled or not.
-        pub enabled: bool
+        pub enabled: bool,
     }
 
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"), non_exhaustive)]
     response: {}
 
     error: crate::Error
 }
+
+impl<'a> Request<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new `Request` with the given scope, rule kind, rule ID and enabled flag.
+    pub fn new(scope: &'a str, kind: RuleKind, rule_id: &'a str, enabled: bool) -> Self {
+        Self { scope, kind, rule_id, enabled }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new `Request` to enable the given rule.
+    pub fn enable(scope: &'a str, kind: RuleKind, rule_id: &'a str) -> Self {
+        Self::new(scope, kind, rule_id, true)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new `Request` to disable the given rule.
+    pub fn disable(scope: &'a str, kind: RuleKind, rule_id: &'a str) -> Self {
+        Self::new(scope, kind, rule_id, false)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Response {
+    /// Creates an empty `Response`.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self
+    }
+}